Federal Law That Mandates Special Education For Children...

In 1975, congress enacted the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Kritzer, 2012, p. 53), which was later renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is a federal law that mandates special education for children with disabilities. IDEA requires public schools to provide students with disabilities a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE). LRE requires school districts to educate students with disabilities in the regular classroom with appropriate supports to the maximum extent possible. The adoption and implementation of IDEA was a huge step towards educating all children with disabilities in the United States. The United States has a very consistent process in which students are identified as qualifying for special education services. It starts with a parental consent to an assessment plan. Within 60 days of being given parental permission, assessments are completed and an Individualized Educational Program (IEP) meeting is held. During this meeting the results are presented to the IEP team. An IEP team consists of parent(s), an administrator, school psychologist, special education teacher, general education teacher, school nurse, and other services providers as needed. After all of the assessment reports are presented the team decides whether the child has a disability and if he or she qualifies for special education services. If the childShow MoreRelatedTimothy W. V. Rochester School District Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesDistrict Abstract The provision of resources to handicapped children is subject to a wide variety of federal and state laws and statutes. However, due the varied and spectacular range of disabilities and combination of disabilities it is often difficult to easily decide who should receive benefits and who should not. Often debated both within the court system, and without, is the subject of whether the child with a severe disability can actually benefit from the services and resources being allocatedRead MoreThe Education For All Handicapped Children Act977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Education for All Handicapped Children act or PL 94-142 was proposed and signed into law in 1975 and began its effect in 1978. Prior to this act there was no national educational adaptation programs for children with learning disabilities. PL 94-142 was the first opportunity the government provided in order to set equality and improvement measurements for all children and for trying to identify those who are eligible for special education. The federal government’s enactment of this law ledRead MoreThen and Now: the Changing Paradigms of Special Education Assessments1637 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: SPECIAL EDUCATION ASSESSMENT Then and Now: The Changing Paradigms of Special Education Assessments Michelle Walker Grand Canyon University: September 12, 2012 Then and Now: The Changing Paradigms of Special Education Assessments All school aged children who are currently enrolled among the many school districts and systems ranging from, ages 3 to 21, have been provided with an enormous opportunity to have rights, which ensure these children to receive a FreeRead MoreSpecial Education Students: Inclusion vs Reality Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesas idiot, moron, and retard were once used as actual labels for disabled children in special education. â€Å"Prior to 1975, schools were not mandated to educate students with disabilities . . . . [Those with disabilities] were deemed to be uneducable and were barred from entering schools† (â€Å"Exceptional Students†). Federal and state laws, as well as mandates, now require schools to educate all children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment, to the maximum extent possible. TheRead MorePositive And Negative Aspects Of Special Education798 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding the field of special education. Some changes include; how students with disabilities are perceived in American society, the instructional practices of educators, and implementing federal legislation which address the needs of students with disabilities in public schools. These issues have impacted special education in both positive and negative ways. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast important positive and negative changes in special education. In addition, implementingRead MoreThe American With Disabilities Act971 Words   |  4 Pages The American with Disabilities Act was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush. (Mayerson, 1992). According to Hallahan, Kauffm an, Pullen (2015, P, 14) â€Å"the ADA provides protection of the civil rights in the specific areas of employment, transportation, public, accommodation, State and local government, and telecommunication. According to Mayerson (1992, P1) â€Å"the ADA did not began at the signing ceremony at the White House, but it began in the communities, when parentsRead MoreHistory of Special Education1367 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will discuss the history of special education including a timeline of the significant events that happens in the history of special education. It would further discuss the laws associated with Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Furthermore, this paper will address the current and future challenges the laws have on special education. All children are created differently with different talents and abilities. Some are tall, others are short. Some are big, othersRead MoreAnnotated Table Of Contents : Forward And Preamble1331 Words   |  6 PagesContents: Forward and Preamble The VDEA has followed federal mandate that each state shall: 1) Ensure that any State rules, regulations, and policies relating to the IDEA ’04 conform to the requirements of the federal statute and regulations; 2) Identify in writing to local educational agencies located in the State and the Secretary of Education any such rule, regulation, or policy as a State-imposed requirement that is not required by the federal statute and regulations; and 3) Minimize the numberRead MoreFAPE Essay679 Words   |  3 Pagesthe U.S. Constitution/Fourteenth Amendment. The Individuals with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protect students who have been identified with disabilities. According to both IDEA and Section 504, all special education students must be educated in the least restrictive environment. The two provisions also mandate that that all children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education, which is referred to as FAPE. This essay will answer the questionRead MoreSchool District Policy Analysis: Schools Responsibility of Disabled Children629 Words   |  3 Pagesviolation of these rules, each district must also comply with federal education mandates. One of these national programs, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), is designed to preserve the rights of disabled children by extending them additional protections and services within the public educatio n sector. The local Greene County School District is no exception and its official policies regarding the discipline of disabled children are heavily influenced by the directives of the IDEA act

Dickens Use of Symbolism in A Christmas Carol Essay example

Dickens Use of Symbolism in A Christmas Carol Charles Dickens wrote a large number of novels but this particular novella was very popular as it told the story of a typical Christmas in Victorian times. The word Scrooge derives from the character Scrooge in this novella, which proves that Dickens story really did make an impact on the reading public. In A Christmas Carol there are three main themes that would have been influenced by the times when Dickens was writing, the themes are: Poverty, ignorance and happiness (Christmas spirit). In the following paragraphs I am going to study the themes and see what symbolism is used. I am going to write about the symbols as I go through the†¦show more content†¦Later when Scrooge gets back to his lodging he is visited by the ghost of Jacob Marley who was wearing a massive chain made up of cashboxes, keys and some padlocks. This symbolises the slave labour that was going on at that time and how Scrooges money making is what is weighing him down. Jacob tells Scrooge that if he does not change his ways and mix with people in life then he must travel among them after death. He also warns him that he too wears a chain larger than his and that he will be visited by three spirits who will try to help him change his ways before it is too late. When Scrooge is visited by the first spirit (Christmas Past) he is shown things that had happened in his own past. The first thing he is shown is when he was a boy at boarding school and the second is when Scrooge is a young apprentice for Mr Fezziwig. Mr Fezziwig is described as: a large kind man whose jollity is infectious. He is best judged by the company he keeps - almost every deserving poor person is welcome at his ball. This symbolises the happiness felt for other people when Christmas comes around. Scrooge also tells us how Mr Fezziwig has the power to make people feel happy or unhappy. Scrooge has the same power but he and Fezziwig use it in opposite ways. TheShow MoreRelatedA Christmas Carol Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesA Christmas Carol was written by Charles Dickens in 1843. Life for the lower class during this time was extremely hard because of enormous amounts of illnesses, young children worked and no education. A Christmas Carol was set in mid 19th century, during this time people had a really bad time; most of the people was unemployed and the people who were employed were paid deficiently, others were seasonal or casual, which meant they were when work was available so most of the families lived in povertyRead MoreSocial Criticism In A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens765 Words   |  4 Pages Who is the man behind the world renowned classic, A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens, born on February 7, 1812, spent the first nine years of his life living in southeast England with his father John, who was kind and likable man, although financially irresponsible. After moving to London, the twelve-year-old Dickens had his fath er arrested and set to debtors’ prison where his mother moved seven of their children, but arranged for Charles to live alone outside the prison. Charles spent three traumaticRead MoreEssay on The Personality of Scrooge1338 Words   |  6 PagesEbenezer Scrooge is the major character in the story, A Christmas Carol written by Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol is about how a â€Å"cold-hearted, tight fisted, selfish† money grabbing man is offered an opportunity of a life time, to change his behaviour, attitude... to have a second chance in life. The theme of this novella is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really wantRead MoreThe Personality of Scrooge Essay example1341 Words   |  6 PagesEbenezer Scrooge is the major character in the story, A Christmas Carol written by Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol is about how a â€Å"cold-hearted, tight fisted, selfish† money grabbing man is offered an opportunity of a life time, to change his behaviour, attitude... to have a second chance in life. The theme of this novella is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really wantRead MoreScrooges Transformation in Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesEbenezer Scrooge is the major character in the story, A Christmas Carol written by Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol is about how a â€Å"cold-hearted, tight fisted, selfish† money grabbing man is offered an opportunity of a life time, to change his behaviour, attitude... to have a second chance in life. The theme of this novel is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really want toRead MoreCharles Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. In this literary classic, Dickens tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a â€Å"tight fisted...covetous old sinner† (12). Through a series of hauntings by various Christmas ghosts, Scrooge realizes the error of his ways and changes completely into a warm-hearted, generous man. Scrooge’s tale is a familiar one; countless movies have been filmed, plays have been produced, and references made in other stories and television shows. Each rendition of A Christmas Carol providesRead MoreCharles Dickens was one of the Brightest and Most Influential Writers of His Time1325 Words   |  5 Pages The British writer Charles Dickens was one of the brightest and most inf luential people of his time. His many writings, including Great Expectations and A Christmas Carol, have been efficacious in many lives and have created a legacy of classics that will be read forever. Dickens, who was born in Portsmouth, England, was raised in a poor family, in which he had to work instead of attending school. Although not being able to go to school was detrimental to Charles, it gave him a chance to begin hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Foster Chapter Notes2486 Words   |  10 Pagesmeaning by relating it to Shakespearean writing or novels whether and individual recognizes it or not Chapter 6 †¦ Or the Bible †¢ Before the 20th century many people were extremely familiar with the Biblical passages, therefore allowing writers to use them as a common basis for a novel’s implicit meaning or the lesson they attempted to infuse †¢ Many of the bible stories had symbolic meanings o Innocence is lost in the garden when Eve is misled by the serpent o Many times an individual character willRead MoreHow Charles Dickens Portrays the Murder of Nancy in Oliver Twist2542 Words   |  11 PagesHow Charles Dickens Portrays the Murder of Nancy in Oliver Twist Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens. He was born on February 7th 1812in Landport which is situated in Portsmouth, England. He worked in a blacking factory where shoe polish is produced and Dickens job was to paste labels to the bottles of polish. The working conditions then were dreadfully poor, He was doing this job when he was 12 years old which meant that in those days children had little childhoodRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesconscious of. The more consciously aware we are, the more alive the text becomes to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no good, being based on Hamlet won’t save it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry

The Requirements of Sfas 116 117 Their Effect on Financial Statements free essay sample

- The Requirements of SFAS 116 and 117 and its effect on the financial statements The Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 116 and 117 are standards set for not- for-profit and non-governmental entities. The standards account for contributions and financial statement presentation (Granof, Khumawala, 2011). SFAS 116 defines how contributions are designated. Contributions can have donor-imposed restrictions.The standard defines three types of designations: 1. Permanently Restricted – The asset is specific by the donor, the principal is permanently restricted, but the income is available for use. 2. Temporarily restricted – The asset is restricted by purpose and time. The donor places the restrictions on the asset. The donor may request the asset be used for a specified purpose or time once the purpose or time has been fulfilled restriction is lifted. 3.Unrestricted – If the donor does not place any restrictions on the asset the asset is unrestricted. SFAS 117 clarifies the reporting of contributions for not-for-profit organizations on their financial statements. We will write a custom essay sample on The Requirements of Sfas 116 117 Their Effect on Financial Statements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The standard requires three financial statements for not-for-profit entities: 1. Statement of Financial Position – essentially a Balance Sheet 2. Statement of Activities – SFAS 117 directs the revenues and expenses on the statement of activities focus on the organization as a whole versus individual funds. Gains and losses recognized on investments must be broken out from other assets. 3. Statement of Cash Flows Not-for-profit organizations need to be familiar with the changes that relate to SFAS 116 and 117 to be in compliance and to ensure the organization is reporting contributions correctly. References: Granof, Michael H. , Khumawala, Saleha B. , (2011). Government and Not-For-Profit Accounting (5th ed. ). River City, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Case Analysis on Are They Ready to Put Avocado on Their Face Essay Example

Case Analysis on Are They Ready to Put Avocado on Their Face? Paper I. Point of View The point of view of Mr. Ricky Bautista, president of Vive Chem Philippines (VCP), and Mr. Willy Tan, King Matches Corporation’s product manager, were considered since they can best tackle the problem, suggest and analyze proposals, decide, implement and follow-up the resolution that was chosen. II. Market Situation Analysis 1. Opportunities threats analysis. A. Opportunities: †¢ There a high market potential on herbal-based astringent. ? Since all the current brands in the market were chemical-based, the concept of herbal-based astringent is an innovation. Astringent users have the tendency to switch brand. ? Astringent users were looking for brand that will satisfy their requirements, until the requirements meet, they will try and use different brands to look for the qualities and attributes of their â€Å"ideal† astringent. †¢ Market competition was not strong. ? Since the competition was not strong, a large part of the market was still no t captured the market segments. †¢ New brand entrants ? It will make the market to change and accept the concept of â€Å"natural† products. †¢ Consumers don’t have product loyalty. Marketing efforts leads to switching behavior. B. Threats: †¢ The market was not yet ready for â€Å"natural† products. ? Consumers didn’t have a strong grasp about the product being a natural. †¢ Eskinol has a large share in the consumers’ mind. ? It will hard to make the users to shift from Eskinol to Provive since 61% of the market currently using it. †¢ Current product has more reasonable price. ? Some astringent users were more concern about the price of the brands. Because Provive was in the introduction stage of the product life cycle it was expected to be costly. There is a possibility that a large multinational company with a market leader position in several hygiene categories was seriously considering entering the astringent market in the next five years. 2. Strengths – weaknesses analysis A. Strengths: †¢ VCP has a long-term relationship with the KM group of companies. ? Having KMC as a possible carrier of the ProVive penetration in the market will be easier since KMC is a well known nationwide distributor of consumer products. †¢ The Provive has a same attributes as the leading brand. If the product qualities and attributes were comparable to the leading brand, consumers will don’t care about what they will use because it’s the same. †¢ The package and the positioning statement were completely accepted by the FGDs. B. Weaknesses: †¢ VCP has no background in targeting consumer market. ? Since VCP was known as a manufacturing company that developing new product for industry use, it doesn’t have a strong impression to the consumer market. †¢ FGDs have difficulties in equating â€Å"herbal† as having â€Å"no additives†. ? Among the FGD, using herb s were perceived as â€Å"not natural†. Provive is not yet positioned compared with Eskinol and other leading brands. ? Since the product is to be launched, it needs a unique selling proposition. †¢ There is a perception about natural ingredients not effective. ? FGD participants believed that it will not enhance the efficacy of the products. †¢ The idea of the flip-top cap made the participants worried. ? They are concern about flip-top which might accidentally open and spill inside their handbags. 3. Product Life Cycle Since the Provive is a new product to be launched, it is in the introduction stage of the product life cycle. In this stage, VCP expenditures as well as KMC’s are high because of the need for a high level of promotional effort to inform potential consumers of Provive, induce trial of the product and secure distribution in retail outlets. 4. Target Markets Provive’s target markets were facial care product users belong to income class B and C between ages 21 to 30 years. It will cater on the two market segments – users of astringent as recommended by dermatologist or other professional’s vis-a-vis users of over-the-counter (OTC) astringents. Since most of the women care about their looks, facial care rituals were done at least twice a day involved a variety of product categories such as soaps, astringents, facial washes, moisturizers, facial scrubs, powders, creams, and skin whiteners. Promotions greatly affected the attitude of the consumers in buying the product and experiencing the product usage just elaborates what the packaging and advertisement of the products states. Packaging and promotions was the silent salesman that speaks for the product itself but the most important consideration was the proposed effect of the product to its user. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis on Are They Ready to Put Avocado on Their Face? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis on Are They Ready to Put Avocado on Their Face? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis on Are They Ready to Put Avocado on Their Face? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Having a proposed outcome would enable the consumers to choose the product that answers their desires. Still once the customer uses the product, this would make an impression that will determine what attitude he/she may tend to feel towards a particular brand because it was the best proof any product can offer. Needless to say, it was best to satisfy and give what your customers want and need. Satisfying the customers eliminated the idea of switching to another brand and strengthens the customer’s brand loyalty. 5. Product Positioning Figure 1. Product Positioning of Provive in the astringent industry. Provive which is a product of Vive Chem Philippines (VCP) was conceptualized as a â€Å"natural† product. Since it specifically targeted the facial care product users, being an astringent, made up of natural ingredients and available only at relative price as leading brand, had greatly influenced the perception of the buyer about the brand. It also helped the consumer to decide which astringent to choose, because it would not compromise the quality and its effectiveness. Since it was in the introductory stage, it was position in quadrant II. 6. Current Marketing Mix or Marketing Strategies a. Current product strategies Given that Provive is not yet introduce, most products currently in the market were primarily chemical based such as eskinol, ponds, splash, and tawas. Provive, which claimed an attribute of â€Å"relaxes stressed skin†, had six herbs as main ingredients and was conceptualized as a â€Å"natural† product. A bottle container with different sizes will be the packaging. The cap of the bottles is flip-top since all existing brands in the market used a screw caps. This kind of strategy made the product more attractive to customers and will give a new impression about astringent. III. The Case Problem What courses of action should Mr. Bautista and Mr. Tan implement in order to successfully penetrate the market for astringent? IV. Case Objective The  objective of analyzing this case is  to  design  strategic actions to communicate the product to the current and potential consumer, and to establish their profitable position in the market. V. Alternative Solutions to the Problem 1. Modify the formulation of the Provive astringent. Reformulation will make the product aligned with current offered brands chemically based. This alternative will directly compete with other brands since the competition lies on the attributes it can offer to the consumers. Another advantage of this alternative is that it can capitalize already on the ideas of the products successfully launched and marketed by the market leader and the market challengers. However, the disadvantage of this alternative is that the market leader had already positioned itself in the market, which will make it harder to penetrate the market. 2. Modify the idea of emphasizing the â€Å"natural† concept. This alternative will make it easier to communicate to the consumers that the Provive is a new product innovation of the astringent line with its additional add-ons –essential oil of the herbs. This alternative will not capitalize on being â€Å"natural† but on astringent that is with a distinctive feature that will as its platform edge over the existing products. 3. Do nothing about the product concept; retain its current formulation capitalizing on its uniqueness. This alternative suggests in capitalizing on being a new one, a better one that has additional and more beneficial features than the currently existing brands. This alternative will enable the Provive be in the pioneer in the organic based astringents. Nevertheless, this is risky since the Eskinol brand seems to stay in its formidable position in the market for a longer time. Evaluation of Alternatives Decision Criteria Weight Effectiveness 30% Efficiency 20% Ease of Implementation 20% Cost of Implementation 30% TOTAL 100% Weights: 76 – 100 – most acceptable, most beneficial, easiest to implement, least cost of implementation. 51 – 75 – more acceptable, more beneficial, easier to implement, moderate cost of implementation. 6 – 50 – moderately acceptable, moderately beneficial, not that difficult to implement, moderately high cost of implementation. 1 – 25 – less acceptable, less beneficial, difficult to implement, high cost of implementation. Table 1. Analysis of Alternatives based on the given criteria. |Alt |Effectiveness |Efficiency |Ease of Implementation |Cost of Implementation |T otal | | |(30%) |(20%) |(20%) |(30%) | | |Weights |Weights |Weights |Weights |Total | |1 |26. |14. 0 |15. 0 |3. 0 |58. 0 | |2 |28. 0 |17. 0 |16. 0 |4. 5. 0 |65. 5 | |3 |7. 5 |5. 0 |18. 0 |25. 0 |55. 5 | | VI. Recommendation Alternative 2: Modify the idea of emphasizing the â€Å"natural† concept. After the evaluation of alternatives, it is recommended that the VCP (Vive Chem Philippines) in cooperation with KMC (King Matches Corporation) implement the modification of the idea in emphasizing the â€Å"natural† concept. This alternative will make it easier to communicate to the consumers that the Provive is a new product innovation of the astringent line with its additional add-ons –essential oil of the herbs. This alternative will not capitalize on being â€Å"natural† but on astringent that is with a distinctive feature that will as its platform edge over the existing products. In terms of cost it will not consume perhaps cash out. In terms of implementation it won’t be that difficult to perform, since will not consider any revision of the formulation, only on the not set emphasis on its â€Å"natural† concept. In terms of effectiveness, we believe that it will be easier for the VCP to communicate the Provive to the consumers since it won’t be capitalizing on â€Å"natural† concept which seems difficult to communicate in the current market. VII. Proposed Strategies or Plans 1. Target Market The target market is still the facial care product users but this time it will be offered to the class D and E as well so that it can cater and focus on the larger bulk of the lower end class of the society – the masses. Also, 2. Product Positioning Competitor Positioning- the Provive is positioning itself as better than other existing brands of astringents since it contain natural ingredient, avocado, which contains essential oils that is good for the skin. This was the chosen product position since we are to capitalize on emphasizing its additional benefits which is its edge over the other brands. 3. Marketing mix – Alternative 2 is a short term strategy. We categorized it short term since we are to modify it again, perhaps when the market positively respond to the idea of having organic/ naturally occurring ingredients. Subsequently, we are to introduce the concept the idea of being â€Å"natural astringent† when the market is already prepared with this idea. a. Products Not to capitalize on the â€Å"natural† concept. b. Price* Its price will within the price range of the leading brand. c. Place of distribution Build an alliance with the intermediaries- supermarkets, drugstores and other distribution sectors that will be the agent for distribution and product promotions. This strategy will enable the Provive product to be in the selection in alignment with choices for the astringent users. The alliance will be an additional factor in promoting the product. d. Promotions* Distribute sample products on different areas where there are of potential market. This will directly promote the product to its potential consumers. Advertise through television, radio and print ads with an endorser. By hiring a product endorser who is well known and appropriate representation of the product will affect the consumer’s preference in buying an astringent. A celebrity having a feature of flawless and fair complexion is one of the best ways to promote the product more intensely. For this, we can select Maricel Soriano as the product endorser. *Introductory product strategy: rapid penetration – low price (relative to the imported astringents; in line with the price range of the current market leader-Eskinol) : high promotions. VIII. Future Trend The current market leader seems to be on its firm position for a longer time; this would be a negative influence to our alternative action since it will not give it a chance for the idea of innovation- natural astringent in the astringents line. The entry of the VCP into the astringent market was likely to trigger competitive reaction from existing players. It was also being rumored that a large multinational company with a market leader position in several personal hygiene categories – i. soap, shampoo, lotion, and cologne- was seriously considering entering the astringent market in the next five years. This could be possibly a threat for the company since it will be another big competitor for the company. The entrance of new astringent brands tend to change the market preferences and this could possibly positively influence the alternative actions that we have in order to attract positive response from the consumers and signifies that they are ready to emb race new innovations in the astringent line. IX. Contingency Plan Considering the future trends, it is recommended that they must do more competitive actions to in order to in order to cope with the future trends. They might have to consider the second best alternative formulated Modify the formulation of the Provive astringent. This could be alternative course of action that should be implemented when the market leader will still be on its firm position. This alternative of reformulation will make the product aligned with current offered brands chemically based. This alternative will directly compete with other brands since the competition lies on the attributes it can offer to the consumers. Another advantage of this alternative is that it can capitalize already on the ideas of the products successfully launched and marketed by the market leader and the market challengers. X. Marketing Management Lessons Marketers do not cater the whole market. This is because they cannot serve all customers in the market. The customers are too numerous dispersed, and varied in their buying requirements. So instead of serving the whole market they are positioning their selves to the most attractive market segment. They accomplished this by segmenting, targeting and positioning. In doing this, they can formulate strategic plans. Aside from doing this, marketers must also know the product life cycle. Products and markets have life cycles that call for changing marketing strategies over time. Different stages need different attention especially in the marketing matrix. For example in the introduction stage, in launching a new product, marketing management can set a high or a low level for each marketing variable, such as price, promotion, distribution, and product quality. Low Market Share High Market Share Low Price High Price